Adverb

What's the adverb?

He is a very good man (Very modifies the adjective "Good". How is he? Answer is good. Therefore, "very" is a adverb which is modified by "good".

I want to go home (Where does he want to go? Answer is "home". The answer we get though asking "where" is called adverb)

He will come now (If we ask to the subject when will he come? Answer is "now". Therefore, through asking "when" what we get is called adverb)

He behaved rudely with me (Ask with "how" and what you get the answer is the adverb)

So, the important is that you need some questions to ask by means of finding out adverb from the sentence. Those questions are Where? When? How?

Adverb modifies the rest of other things or part of speech excepting noun, pronoun, and interjection. Such as some examples given below -

Verb ---: The bird flies swiftly. How?

Adjective ---:  She is a very good girl. How good?

Adverb ----:  She writes very well. How?

Preposition ---:  I came here just before ten. When?

Conjunction ---:  I did not do it simply because I had not time to do it. Why?

Sentence ----:  Really he was a good man.

Kinds of Adverbs: According to the function the types of adverb is classified into three as given below.

(a) Simple or Independent Adverb.

1)     Adverb of time

2)     Adverbs of place

3)     Adverbs of manner

4)     Adverb of frequency

5)     Adverbs of quantity or degree

6)     Adverbs of affirmation and negation

7)     Adverbs of cause and effect

8)     Adverbs of order

(b) Interrogative Adverbs

(c) Relative or Conjunctive Adverbs

There are some kinds of adverb I have discussed such as Genitive Adverb, Introductory Adverbs, Prepositional Adverbs, Compound Adverbs, Sentence Adverbs, and Quasi Adverbs.

Simple or Independent Adverbs: 

(a) Adverb of Time: This type of adverb reffers to the time of action and let's us know the answer the question of "when".

She will come late.

I came back soon.

Did you see me before?

He will never come back.

I shall go tomorrow.

(b) Adverb of Place: This type of adverb indicates the place of action and gives us the answer of "where".

I went there.

She lives here.

We moved thither.

Come hither.

There is a pond near the school.

(c) Adverb of Manner: This type of adverb let's us know the answer of "how".

The boy walks slowly

We work hard

I slept soundly

This pen writes well

 (d) Adverb of Frequency: The adverb makes us knosw how many times the verb is done which is called adverb of frequency. 

I have met him once in my life.

He will come again.

Give the patient this pill thrice a day.

I often go to the sea-shore.

He will never come back.

(e) Adverb of Quantity or Degree: I think it would be very helpful if we look up some examples to understand more in details, therefore, here are some examples are given below

He has lost almost all his money.

I drank enough milk this morning.

She is quiet happy.

She is too weak to walk.

The more man gets the more he wants.

Every word of bold above gives us answer of "how" and those are adverb of quantity or degree. 

(f) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation: This type of adverb let's us know "yes" or "no". See some examples below -

Really he is an honest man.

You are probably right.

I am indeed a fool.

No, he did not go there.

He will possibly come today.

(g) Adverbs of Cause and Effect: This type of adverb denotes the "effect and cause" of the action of the verb.

You did not work; consequently you failed in your exam.

Hence he was dismissed from the job.

I, therefore, hope that you will do it.

He taught me how to do it and I did it accordingly.

(h) Adverb of Order:  This type of adverb indicates the order of the action of verb.

First, we have to collect the money.

He came last but he finished first.

Secondly, we have to call a meeting.

(b) Interrogative Adverb: This type of adverb is used for question to indicate place, time, and quantity etc. See some examples given below -

When did he go? (Time)

Where did he go? (Place)

How did he go? (Manner)

How often did he come? (Frequency)

Why did he go? (Cause)

(c) Relative Adverbs: The interrogative adverbs are “when, where, why, and how” which are used basically for question but if those interrogative adverbs are used to relate two sentences is called relative adverb.

I know the place where he lives.

I know when he will come.

Genitive Adverbs: Genitive adverb means those adverbs which are form of possessive noun.

He must needs do it (needs = necessity of)

He came here once in his life (once= of one time)

I always speak the truth (always = of all way)

Introductory Adverbs:

There lived a man in a village.

Here are many boys playing.

In the above two sentences "here and there" are used not to denote adverb of place.

Inc: There a man lived in a village.

Cor: There lived a man in a village.

Note:  Finite verb always used before the subject if the sentence starts with introductory "there and here". In the above sentence, "a man" is a subject and finite verb is "live".

Pronoun

A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.

We use pronouns to:

• Refer to a noun (called its antecedent) that usually comes before the pronoun
• Make our writing clearer, smoother, and less awkward

In the sentence, “Roney feels that he can win the race,” he is the pronoun, and Roberto is the antecedent.

In the sentence, “Tonny and Jim know that they are best friends,” they is the pronoun, and

“Terry and Jim” are the noun antecedents.

Types of Pronouns:

Types of Pronouns	Examples
Personal	I, you, they, we, he, she, etc
Interrogative	Who? What? Which? Etc
Distributive	Each, neither, either etc
Demonstrative	This, such, that etc
Relative	Who, what, which, that etc
Reciprocal	Each other, one another etc
Reflexive and Emphatic	Myself, yourself, herself etc
Indefinite	One, any, some etc

Discussion in Details:

Personal Pronoun: Personal pronoun is used in place of any name of person or thing.

Examples: I did it. You can do everything. They are students. (bold words are personal pronoun)

He did it (“it” is used for thing is done is also personal pronoun)

Personal Pronoun also kinds of three

(a)   Personal pronoun of the first person: I, we, my, me, our, us, ours, etc

(b)  Personal pronoun of the second person: you, your, yours, thou, they, thine, thee, etc

(c)   Personal pronoun of the third person: he, she, him, her, etc

 So here is detail to know more about characteristics of personal pronouns. Personal pronouns must be changed according to the change of number, person, and case. Have a look at the table

Case	First Person		Second Person		Third Person
Nominative	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
	I	We	You	you	He, she	They
Objective	Me	Us	Thou, you, thee	you	It, him, her	Them
Possessive	My, mine	Our, ours	Thine, thy, your, yours	Your, yours	It, his, her, hers, its	Their, theirs

Use of possessive pronoun: possessive pronoun has two forms which are different each other. Such as my, thy, her, its, our, their used as adjective before a noun.

Example – My                      pen

                Adjective           Noun

                   Their                table

              Adjective            Noun

On the other hand, mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, theirs used as pronoun (not adjective) and noun is not used after them but “of” is used before them.

Example – he is friend of mine.

Interrogative Pronouns: interrogative pronouns refer to “who, which, and what” are used to make question. The uses of three pronouns are given below –

Examples: Who are you? (Nominative)

                    Whom do you love? (Objective)

                    Whose pen is this? (Possessive)

Uses of “what, which, and who”.

(a)   “Who” is used as subject and object

1.      Who is he? (Singular)

2.      Who are they (Plural)

3.      Who (whom) do you want? (Singular)

4.      Who (whom) are you looking for? (Plural)

Note: in modern english “who” is always used as object in place of “whom”.

   

(b)  Which:

1.      Which pen do you want? (singular)

2.      Which of these books do you want? (plural)

Note: “which” is used to select one from many.

(c)   What:

“what” is used for thing such as “what will you eat” and “what are the factors that should be considered?”

“what” is used for occupation such as “what is he? “who is he?” “what is he?”

“what, which” also used as adjective such as “which pen is yours? (adjective) “what factors should be considered? (adjective)

“what” is also used to show exclamation such as “what! Has he failed? And what a fool you are!”

Distribute Pronouns: The pronoun that separates one person or things from a population of persons or things is called the distributive pronoun. Such as – each, either, neither, etc and see some examples of them.

(a)  Each of them went there.

(b)  Either of the two boys is talent.

(c)  There are two pens; neither is good.

Demonstrative Pronoun: Words such as this, that, these, those, such, so, the same, used instead of some noun to point to it or them, are called demonstrative pronouns. See some examples with them –

(a)  he went to market on foot and that/this made him tired

(b)  this book is more costly than that (=that book)

Relative Pronoun: The relative pronoun is that pronoun which refers to some noun or pronoun previously mentioned and at the same time joins two sentences. Now let me make you clear about the matter with an example given below –

“I know the man” “He lost his bag”

Joining two sentences we have got “I know the man who lost his bag”. In the example two sentences are joined with “who” that centers the relation between two sentences, called relative pronoun. So who, which, that, what, but, as is used as relative pronouns in the sentence. 

Reciprocal Pronoun:

 

Think that A is kicking B and B is also kicking A. In this way if any pronouns is used is called reciprocal pronoun. Such as –

The ten students love one another. (Use “one another” if there are more than two persons or things etc)

The two sisters help each other. (Use “each other” if there are less than two persons or things etc)

“each other” and “one another” are called reciprocal pronouns.

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns: A reflexive pronoun is one used in the objective case in which the meaning of the subject is reflected, indicating that the action of the sentence turns to the subject.

Examples: She killed herself, You fan yourself, He hurt himself

Person	Personal Pronoun	Reflexive Pronoun	Reflexive Pronoun
		Singular	Plural
First	I, we	Myself	Ourselves
Second	Thou You You	Thyself Yourself	Yourselves
Third	He She They It	Himself Herself Itself	Themselves

Infinite pronoun – one + self = oneself (reflexive pronoun)

Emphatic Pronouns: The pronoun that is used after a noun or pronoun to add an emphasis on it is called the emphatic pronoun.

Examples: I met the president himself, He himself did it etc

Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite means uncertain. Here we can start with an example given below –

“Some say that Mr. Brown is a scientist”

In this sentence, “some” is an indefinite or uncertain because it does not make sense us who they are or what names of them. Therefore, many, any, they, none, some, other, and few are called indefinite pronouns.